Book Report on Dear America Series- Diary of Hattie Campbell Essay

This book, written by Kristiana Gregory, is about a thirteen year old girl from Pennsylvania, Hattie Campbell. On her birthday, she was given a diary by her mother and her Aunt June. In the first entry, she mentions her Uncle Milton’s death three days ago while fixing her family’s barn and his funeral the eve of her birthday. At the funeral, the coffin fell out of their cart and was washed into the nearby river. Her father tried to save it but was almost sucked into the paddles of a riverboat. As a sign of apology, the riverboat captain agreed to give Mr Campbell and his family free tickets on his riverboat to go anywhere they wanted. That night, he announced that the family would be heading to the untamed West, at that time occupied by the Indians who were known to be violent. Mrs Campbell was very angry and initiated a â€Å"cold war† with her husband. Two days later, she relents and agrees to head out West. On the way out West, the family met a young adult named Tall Joe, who eventually becomes the captain of their group. Throughout the long trip, they lost many partners as their oxen died or they were shot by Indians. One day, Hattie and her friend, Pepper, are out playing and happened to stumble across what they thought were wild carrots and parsnips. They took some back as it was their turn to cook for the group. Back at camp, they got around their chores and started cooking. A little girl, Cassia, looked longingly at the â€Å"carrots and parsnips† and takes two bites before running off to play. Later, as they were rolling out pastry, they heard screams. They went in the direction of the screams and were horrified to find Pepper’s twin brother, Wade, and some of his friends lying on the ground, jaws clenched so tightly that nobody could pour charcoal and water into their systems to absorb the poison. In the end all of them except Wade died. The women were able to pour charcoal into his mouth. Hattie’s father then went to the tent where the kitchen was. When he saw the â€Å"carrots and parsnips†, he asked Hattie to cut some for him. He put it on the edge of his tongue and spat it out immediately. He said that it was actually water hemlock, a poisonous plant which could kill a horse if it just ate one. A man would die from a bite. They immediately remembered Cassia. They found her limp body and buried her together with the boys. The priest prayed over their graves. The next day, they called all the children and drew on the dirt to show them the difference between water hemlock and wild carrots and parsnips. Eventually, after twenty six months on the road, they reach their destination, Oregon. Along the way the accompanying Aunt June gave birth to a daughter, River Ann Valentine. The family, Aunt June and her husband settled in Oregon and became one of the first pioneers to make it to their destinations.

Outline the Timing Issues for Market Entry in E-Business. Essay

There is no single method for timing market entry into any type of business, whether it is e-business or traditional business. Timing is more important in e-business since technologies change fast. Even a few weeks’ delay can cost the company dearly. The method used for timing market entry depends on factors such as the type of product, the particular market, the amount of competition and the budget available. The method used may also involve a single strategy or a mixture of different strategies. A successful product launch or market entry depends also on good timing and takes the characteristics of the target groups into account. In the case of timing as a strategic dimension, three basic possibilities can be differentiated: ââ€" Be the first to launch as a ‘first mover’; ââ€" Launch in parallel; ââ€" Launch with delay Pioneer In an article published by Wright State University, Gurumurthy Kalyanaram, Director of Master’s Programs in the School of Management at the University of Texas, Dallas and Ragu Gurumurthy, principal at consulting firm Booz-Allen and Hamilton, suggest that the best general entry timing strategy is to be first into the market. Although expensive, they point out that this approach has been shown to give the product a significant advantage in market share. They suggest this strategy works best in industries where product life is short, such as the high-tech industry. Late Arrival Kalyanaram and Gurumurthy point out that entering a market late can have certain advantages as well, particularly if the pioneers have grown complacent or can no longer cater to a growing market, and also, if the late arrival has an innovative way to market their product. Late entry may also pay off if the product offers technological improvement over those already available, is significantly cheaper or offers better customer service. Markets that are already cluttered with products offer some opportunity for a late arrival that is of better quality or uses new delivery channels. Dynamic Timing A new method for timing market entry was suggested by Sechan Oh and Ozalp Ozer, from the University of Texas at Dallas School of Management, in a paper delivered to the 2010 Manufacturing and Service Operations Management Conference. Oh and Ozer suggest that, as a business goes through the design process for a new product, they should constantly update their own knowledge about both the efficiency of the production process and the potential market. The product should continue to be improved until the optimal time to enter the market. At that point, the design process should stop and the product should enter the market. Time of Year The time of year can have a big effect on chances of success. Some industries are busier at certain times of the year. For example, accountants are not likely to take up new tax software in the run-up to April 15th, as they won’t have time to learn how to use it while they are busy. Similarly, a product designed for sale at Christmas should be released early enough in the year to gain momentum by the time the peak shopping season arrives. Wave, Sprinkler, Waterfall These types of timing strategy, developed by management consultant Christoph Lymbersky, are usually applied to timing entry to international markets. In the wave strategy, a new product is introduced all at once into countries that have similar cultures and characteristics. For example, a product like smartphone or Tablet might be launched into Germany, Austria and Switzerland, China, and India at the same time. In the Sprinkler strategy, the product is launched into all suitable countries at the same time. In the Waterfall strategy, a product is launched in one country at a time, and new markets are entered only after sales are established in the previous market.

Strategic and Tactical Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic and Tactical Management - Essay Example Everyone in the company should strive for the attainment of organizational vision. Lastly, two important things are stressed by Thomson and Strickland (2001), formulation of a good strategy and executing it most efficiently. Truly, strategic management is nothing if leaders cannot come up with a good strategy. Also, no matter how good a strategy is, if not executed efficiently then the company is still bound to fail. Tactical management is the company's "ability to quickly and accurately assess the situation and respond appropriately" (Thomson and Strickland 2001). As with strategic management it measures the company's responsiveness to the internal and external factors where it operates. However, tactical management's role is to minimize risk and maximizing returns for the business organization in a day to day basis. Thus, best practices will include a key understanding of the interrelatedness of economic variables which can determine the risks and opportunities that the company faces. Also, companies should always be responsive to changes by evaluating the alternative responses that it can implement. Being open to change and the need of technological advances in tactical management can also improve this process in a business organization. Toyota has communicated its goal of becoming the largest automaker in the world surpassing the giant General Motors.

A critical evaluation of HRM and Organisational Behaviour theories and Essay

A critical evaluation of HRM and Organisational Behaviour theories and frameworks and link with performance - Essay Example The approach is practical and there is greater tendency to change towards an informal individualistic direction (Salaman & Et. Al., 2005). In the international context, HRM issues are quite prominent and therefore an in-depth understanding of such issues is quite significant. Various theories and frameworks of HRM are present which can be applicable for managing the people working in the international arena (Lucas & Et. Al., 2007). Best Practice HRM is considered as the notion that human resource practice tends to work in an effective way if they are introduced in correlated and equally reinforcing bundles (Redman & Wilkinson, 2009). The literatures on human resource management suggest that the policies and the procedures related to the functions of human resource must be coordinated with the business strategy (Rollinson & Et. Al., 1998). On the other hand, the term ‘organisational behaviour’ (OB) implies the study and the application of knowledge regarding how the †˜individuals’, ‘people’ and ‘groups’ behave in the organisation.... Changing Landscape of HRM and Organisational Behaviour It has been mentioned by Jamrog and Overholt in their study that since last 100 years there has been continuous shift in the role of the human resource professionals and there has been addition of more responsibilities in the work of these professionals. According to the research of the authors, there has been major shifts in the functions of HR and it has developed through numerous stages starting from medieval time to industrial revolutions, from scientific management to human relations movements and finally to current strategic business partner model. In the ancient times, the HR has mainly tried to focus its attention towards the administrative facets of the human resource management. However, in the recent times, the strident call forced the HRM to become a strategic business partner. It is quite significant to comprehend the differences between the Human Resource Management (HRM) and the Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM). When the traditional HRM is taken into consideration, it is noted that traditional HRM is generally transactional in nature and aims at providing administrative support to the people working in the organisation in terms of staffing, compensation, recruitment and benefits. It has been paradigm change from the administrative facets of the human resource management that has led to the development of SHRM. In SHRM, a new set of value added roles and responsibilities have been inculcated to functions of the HRM. The prime importance of the SHRM is that of the strategic business partner. It is the SHRM that helps the companies to achieve competitive advantage and therefore assist the business managers to plan

Cybersecurity Best Practices Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cybersecurity Best Practices - Assignment Example The safety of one’s computer, network or personal information need to be protected by viruses, identity thieves, malware and any other form of threat. The steps to be taken to protect the above and safeguard personal systems shall be addressed in relation to two case studies analysed herein. Upon receiving a new computer for the home environment, it is necessary to ensure this system is as secure as possible. Both the computer and the home network need to be protected from viruses, hackers and malware. The home network should be guarded from external threats because it is used to perform sensitive transactions such as online banking services, online shopping among others that may require one to share private information. It is this information that hackers seek access to, in order to attempt to steal a person’s identity and use their credit card information or bank details, for example, to access the victim’s finances. In addition to numerous security tools and programs that one can install into their computer and use to keep the system secure, it is advisable to take an interest in hacking methods, so that one knows when their system is under threat. It is due to this type of negligence that many victims fail to prepare themselves properly in case of an attack. This lack of preparedness has also seen efforts to recover from cyber-attacks rendered ineffective. Such information can be found online in trusted websites, with training on the latest hacking methods and scams being identified and addressed. It is therefore important for individuals to take up some time and learn about hacking and methods of countering the same. In order to secure this type of network, the following steps should be undertaken. The setting up of a home network has the advantage that an individual can have access to the internet from any point within the premises either

How do we explain the development of intrastate or civil conflict Essay

How do we explain the development of intrastate or civil conflict - Essay Example Internal conflicts contribute to disruption of the existing infrastructure and depreciate economic development, which is highlighted in poor African countries with long recovery periods that adversely affect people’s economic, health and social wellbeing (Collier, 1998). The politics of a country may make unequal distribution of a country’s resources and wealth, and this ultimately leads to violent rebellions against the rich and those in power. Armed civil conflicts are mostly common in the economically underdeveloped nations with high prevalence of joblessness, oppression, and injustice. The After Effects of European Colonialism The Berlin conference laid up the strategies for dividing Africa necessitating the creation of haphazard artificial boundaries. The large expanse of the African continent became a challenge for colonial administrators who lacked the manpower and resources to effectively rule the land (Shah, 2010). They used the divide and rule policy, which fe rmented numerous and disastrous conflicts. The boundaries colonialists created in Africa served their own economic interests. Colonialism erased entire cultures, and they way of life of many communities, most colonies were given minimal education, and religion to suit the Europeans needs (Shah, 2010). The postcolonial period proved difficult for Africans as the majority had useless skills unequipped for rebuilding their continent, coupled with people of diverse ethnic backgrounds and cultures crammed up together in depraved conditions. These people lacked the capacity to accommodate each other and develop nationalism that is exhibited in other parts of the world (Shah, 2010). Majority of the leaders that assisted Europeans to govern were ambitious and corrupt and they ruthlessly exploited their fellow Africans for their own gain. After independence, these people ascended to powerful political positions and to safeguard their positions majority used single party leaderships to rule. Single party leadership oppressed many citizens creating civil wars that led to assassinations and coups. These regimes are responsible for a majority of the civil wars experienced in Africa (Shah, 2010). Colonialists who introduced new cash crops directed the national economic activities of most developing countries. The Africans lost their native crops, which were suited to their climates and embraced foreign cash crops to serve the western markets exposing them to food insecurities (Shah, 2010). The nationalization of commercial cash crop farming and mineral mining in some regions make these people dependent on limited economic activities exposing them to fluctuating world market, prices increasing civil war risks. Africa constitutes very many ethnic communities and sub tribes that previously coexisted peacefully. The scramble for Africa by Europeans divided the continent and changed the structural life of Africans. Most colonialist governments promoted Darwinism, which elevated some communities and oppressed others leading to fundamental inequalities that have persisted to the current times. The Rwandese genocide arose from the tribal hierarchy left by the Belgium after Rwanda gained independence. They had made Tutsis

Persuasive Memo Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Persuasive Memo - Research Paper Example Lexington has a healthy population of African and Hispanic community which is a cause for rise of social crime in the society. As per ( City Rating,2013)â€Å"In 2010 the city violent crime rate in Lexington was higher than the violent crime rate in Kentucky by 136.81% and the city property crime rate in Lexington was higher than the property crime rate in Kentucky by 44%†.The young Africans and Hispanics are more into substance abuse and crimes as poverty and social ignorance lead them to this. It is the obligation and responsibility of Corporate like Cold stream laboratories to perform activities that can upgrade the community and people living it. So a social awareness centre would bring youth who are misled together and enhance their knowledge about drug abuse and criminal activities. They will be guided to stop addictive substances and lead life which is productive and beneficial. Operation of Social Awareness centre The operation of the social awareness starts with estab lishing a building in a right location with facilities needed for it. The next important thing is appointment of right professionals in the centre. A social awareness centre must have more of voluntary workers who are keen on social support work. Only important therapists and medical experts need to be hired with pay. The social awareness centre must operate on a daily basis and should consider people from all social backgrounds. People should be given assistance free of cost and the quality of service should be of highest standard. The centre should be operating from morning to evening and would not work round the clock. Hygiene must be of highest priority at all times. The operation of the social awareness centre must be in an organized manner and the all the details of the people getting the service need to be recorded. It is also the duty of the volunteer social workers to find people who need the service .The centre must have all the records and activities being monitored by a managerial head that would also look out for any discrepancies. The centre needs to have different therapy which deals with different issues. The people coming in would be analyzed first for their problems and then the needed service will be provided. According to ( Brooks, 2013) â€Å"A top priority for many organizations today is corporate social responsibility, which focuses on how businesses deal with their environmental, social and economic impacts†. Implementation of Social Awareness Centre Implementing the program starts with a blue print of the centre and proper planning of the staff needed and the working system. A business plan is the foundation in implementing a corporate social responsibility program. Measurable targets needs to be set along with performance standards. The commitments need to be strategized and employees need to hand over responsibilities. The needs of the local community need to be analyzed and decision needs to be made accordingly. The senior ma nagement needs to finalize the goals and strategies of the program. According to (Hohnen, 2007) â€Å"When implementing a CSR strategy, companies should recognize and respect local and cultural differences, while maintaining high and consistent global standards and policies†. It is very important to make decisions regarding the financial and human resources needed for the program. The code of conduct, guidelines of the centre needs to be established. Responsibility and authority of the employees

Harlem Renaissance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Harlem Renaissance - Essay Example The Harlem Renaissance brought about by the changes that African-American community had endured since the slavery was abolished. Those changes grew greater as a result of the First World War. People from rural areas attracted by industrialization opportunities were coming to cities giving rise to the new mass culture. Furthermore, Harlem Renaissance was contributed by such factors as the Great Migration of black Americans to the Northern cities which were concentrating ambitious people, and World War I that had created new jobs in industry for thousands of people. During the Harlem Renaissance, a new way of playing the piano was introduced. This was called Harlem Style and helped much to blur the lines between black social elite and poor Negroes. While the classic jazz band was made up of brass instruments and was viewed as the symbol of the South, the piano was viewed as an instrument pertaining to the culture of the wealthy. Such a modification once brought to already existing genre offered well-to-do blacks access to jazz. The popularity of that genre soon spread throughout the United States and became eventually at an â€Å"all time high.† Its liveliness and innovation were significant characteristics of performers in jazz’s early years. Such outstanding musicians as Duke Ellington, Fats Waller, Willie â€Å"The Lion† Smith and Jelly Roll Morton are considered to have laid the foundation for jazz music. It was the time when jazz as the blacks’ musical style gained it s popularity among whites. White dramatists, novelists and composers began to exploit the musical themes and tendencies of African-American in their pieces of art. Composers began to imply African American motifs in their works, such melodies and harmonies of black music as spirituals jazz and blues into their own concert pieces. African-Americans began to merge with white musicians into classical world of composition. Soon Roland Hayes became the first black male to enjoy wide recognition as a concert performer in both his native country and worldwide. He attended the Fisk University in Nashville with Arthur Calhoun. Later he

How Do Narcotics Affect the Body Essay Example for Free

How Do Narcotics Affect the Body Essay The term, narcotics is often used to refer to any illegal drugé Å¾Ã¦ ³â€¢Ã¦ ¯â€™Ã¥â€œ . That could include anything from prescription pillsto cocaine. However, narcotics does actually refer to a specific type of drug as well. So, before we delve into this type of drugs effects, lets first define it. What Are Narcotics? Though narcotics is a term thrown around referring drugs in general, it actually refers to drugs that are derived from opium which originates from the opium poppy plant, and is related to heroin, morphine, and other drugs common to opiate addiction. The confusion between the generic vs. specific terminology has gotten so bad, some experts have turned to calling narcotics opioids to help stifle the confusion. Common types of narcotics include barbiturates, benzodiazepines, heroin, opium in the form of morphine andcodeine, oxycodone and Vicodin.Ã¥ · ´Ã¦ ¯â€Ã¥ ¦ ¥Ã§ ± »Ã¯ ¼Å'è‹ ¯Ã¤ ºÅ'æ ° ®Ã¥ â€œÃ§ ± »Ã¨  ¯Ã§â€° ©Ã¯ ¼Å'æ µ ·Ã¦ ´â€ºÃ¥â€º  Ã¯ ¼Å'é ¸ ¦Ã§â€°â€¡Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ â€"å• ¡ How Do Narcotics Affect the Body? Narcotic drugs can affect the body in various ways. There are of course legitimate uses for them, like treating pain, anxiety, aggression and even diarrhea. Ã¥ ½â€œÃ§â€ž ¶Ã¤ ¹Å¸Ã¦Å"‰ä »â€"ä » ¬Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ Ë†Ã¦ ³â€¢Ã§â€ ¨Ã©â‚¬â€Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ¦ ² »Ã§â€"â€"çâ€" ¼Ã§â€"ݕ ¼Å'ç„ ¦Ã¨â„¢â€˜Ã¯ ¼Å'ä ¾ µÃ§â€¢ ¥Ã¯ ¼Å'甚è‡ ³Ã¨â€¦ ¹Ã¦ ³ »Ã£â‚¬â€š However, they are highly addictive and what starts out as a prescribed medication can often turn into an illegal situation of prescription pill abuse. Other side effects include drowsiness, flushing, upset stomach, urinary retention and respiratory depression. It is very easy to become dependent on narcotics due to your bodys building up of a tolerance to the drugs. This means you have to take more and more of it to feel the same way. What Are the Dangers of Narcotics? Even though recreational users of these drugs experience an overall sense of wellbeing while high, there are numerous dangers that go along with their ingestion. Toxicity can develop, which could cause you to lose motor coordination and slur your speech. Whats especially dangerous about narcotics like heroin is that they are taken into the body by means of a needle, which puts you at risk for developing skin infections, hepatitis and even HIV/AIDS. While the drug itself is dangerous, in this case, it is often the method by which it is put in the body that can cause the most harm. Other problems include a likelihood of overdosing. Even though you build up a tolerance to the drug over time, you still require more and more to feel the same effects. At some point, you could experience respiratory depression and could even die. What Steps Should Be Taken to Stop Narcotics Abuse? Trying to quit using narcotics is not an easy process. No one ever said it was. However, you can do it with the proper sort of guidance and help; especially during the detoxification process which can be extremely unpleasant. That means enlisting the help of a top detox center, and enrolling in a drug treatment program that helps you go through the withdrawal process without feeling pain and then deal with the mental and emotional reasons you sought out narcotics use in the first place. Perhaps even more important than going torehab, is the maintenance afterward. It can be difficult to try and reenter society after beating adrug addiction without a program to get you started. Thats why it would be a good idea to stay in an ongoing treatment program that allows you to talk with people just like you and receive the support you need. Only then can you beat your addiction to narcotics for the long-term. The Effect of Part-Time Jobs on Students While academics are the main focus of college students, many will also spend their college years in part-time employment. In the report Student Employment and Higher Education: Empiricism and Contradiction, members of the American Educational Research Association reported that more than 50 percent of students attending four-year colleges work part time. The reasons for working may varyearning funds for tuition or spending moneybut many benefits exist beyond the paycheck. Balancing a Schedule * Balancing a part-time job while attending classes full-time will force a student to balance their schedule. A March 2009 study by the Bureau of Labor Statistics says students with part-time work reduce the time spent on homework, sleeping, socialization and life maintenance by 84 percent. A student employee will need to learn how to not let the decrease on time spent on studying show in her academic performance. Experiencing Workplace Culture * Classroom learning is important, but the culture of workplaces and offices are hard to impart within the classroom. Holding down a regular position outside the classroom will allow students to gain firsthand experience in office culture and politics, which will be helpful upon graduation and their first full-time job. Its All Who You Know * In todays weak economy, it is even more crucial for students to make as many valuable connections as possible. Working part time for a campus office or off-campus organization will allow students to network outside their social circles, giving them valuable recommendations and contacts for their full-time job search. Accountability and Responsibility * According to Work on the Campus: Benefits for Student and Institution by Mary Roark, Values, skills, emotional maturity, personal identity and integrity are fostered through (on-campus) employment experiences. Student-employees will learn to be accountable for their actions in a non-classroom or home environment, and experience how responsibility is delegated and evaluated in an office. Basic Skills * Many on-campus part-time jobs will give students the opportunity to learn administrative skills, such as phone and email etiquette, office electronics troubleshooting, and meeting manners. Gaining such skills while in school will place a student-employee ahead of the curve when they enter the full-time workforce. IMPORTANCE OF ENGLÄ °SH: In today’s global world, the importance of English can not be denied and ignored since English is the most common language spoken everwhere. With the help of developing technology, English has been playing a major role in many sectors including medicine, engineering, and education, which, in my opinion, is the most important arena where English is needed. Particularly, as a developing country, Turkey needs to make use of this world-wide spoken language in order to prove its international power. This can merely be based on the efficiency of tertiary education. Consequently, English should be the medium of instruction at universities in Turkey for the following three reasons: finding a high-quality job, communicating with the international world, and accessing scientific sources in the student’s major field. The first reason for why English should be the medium of instruction at universities in Turkey is that it helps students find a high quality jobs for students to find. In business life, the most important common language is obviously English. In addition to this, especially, high-quality jobs need good understanding ability and speaking in English. Therefore, companies can easily open out to other countries, and these companies generally employ graduates whose English is fluent and orderly. For example, the student who is graduated from a university which takes English as a major language will find a better or high-quality job than other students who don’t know English adequately. In other words, the student who knows English is able to be more efficient in his job because he can use the information from foreign sources and web sites. He can prepare his assigments and tasks with the help of these information. Therefore, undoubtedly, his managers would like his effort or prepared projects. In addition, many high-quality jobs are related with international communication and world-wide data sharing. University graduates who are in a international company and business are needed to communicate with foreign workers. For instance, if their managers want them to share the company’s data, they are expected to know English. Moreover, they will even have to go business trip for their company. Absolutely, all of these depend on speaking English;as a result, new graduates have to know English in order to get a high-quality job, and the others, who don’t know English, may have lack of communication and be paid less money. The second and the most important reason, for English to be the medium of instruction in the Turkish higher education system is that it enables students to communicate with the international world. In these days, in my opinion, the most important thing for both university students and graduates is to follow the development in tecnology. For this reason, they have to learn common language. Certainly, they should not lose their interest on communicating with the world. However, some of the university students can’t obtain English education in their university. Unfortunately, these people may lose their communication with worldwide subjects and topics. In short, they will not communicate foreign people. To prevent these people from lacking of speaking English, universities’ administration will provide English education to them. In addition, university students can use some specific hardware and software of computers with their English to communicate others. For example, the Internet, which, in my opinion, is the largest source in the world, based on English knowledge and information. Also, most of the softwares such as â€Å"Windows†, â€Å"Microsoft Office†, â€Å"Internet Explorer† are firstly written in English, and these programs are the basic vital things for communication over computer. That is to say, even in a little resarch about something, they need these programs and the Internet to find necessary sources and information. The last reason for favouring English as the medium of instruction of Turkish universities is that it faclitates accessing information. All of the students have to do some projects or homeworks which are related with their field during the university education. In these projects or homeworks, they have to find some information which is connected with their subject. They find sources from English web sites and books, but they have to replace these data to their projects. During these process, if they know English, they will not come across with any difficulty, but if they don’t know, even they may not use these data. As a result, the student who knows English will be more successful at his/her project. For this reason, to obstruct possible inequity between students, management of universities should accept English as a second language in order to provide accessing information to the students. In short, university students need to know English to access information. All in all, the education in universities should be done with English for three reasons. First, students who know English are able to find their favourite job related with their field. Second, they can communicate with others internationally. Third, as a major language in universities, English makes accessing information easy for students. In my opinion, internationally, people need one common language. For many years, English has been the common wold-wide language, and it will be in the future. For this reason, if you want to follow trends, new gadgets and technology, modernization of the developing world, you have to know English whatever age you are in.

Why Shakespeare Included The Porters scene in a Production Of Macbeth Essay Example for Free

Why Shakespeare Included The Porters scene in a Production Of Macbeth Essay Macbeth is a play written by William Shakespeare, he was born in the 17th century, William Shakespeare wrote over thirty-seven plays and possibly had a hand in others, he also wrote several poems. He lived in an age when printing was not commonplace, and yet most of his works were published either after his death or without his authority. Shakespeare often wrote his plays about the lives of great people, but very little about Shakespeare himself is known. As you will see in Macbeth this is probably his most striking play as it is obviously written for a particular king at a particular time in history. Therefore studying Macbeth we have extra information, this perhaps gives us a broader insight into the art and mind of William Shakespeare. William Shakespeare came from Yeomans stock, his fathers name was John Shakespeare and his mothers name was Mary Shakespeare. Shakespeare himself was almost certainly educated in the local grammar school. He married Anne Hathaway she was eighteen years senior to him in 1582, they had their first child, Susanna in 1583. They had two other children twins, Judith and Hannet born in 1583. Shakespeare retired back to live in Stratford near the later parts of his life, his son Hannet had died by that time and all his grandchildren also died for unknown reasons. He died in 1616. Macbeth is often described as Shakespeare greatest play ever; it has any different contexts to the play. Still viewed by millions across the world in theatres. Macbeth was written sometime between 1603 and 1606, this coincided with the accession of James the Sixth of Scotland to the English throne, as James the First of England. There are many issues in the play that proves James was primarily in mind whilst writing the play. Firstly it pays homage to the interests and expertise of James: James was fascinated by witchcraft and one of the main issues in the play is that of supernatural powers, also the Kings Evil is a major issue in the play and that was of great interest to James. Secondly it compliments James by making his ancestor, Banquo a hero in the play. As Duncan puts it, Noble Banquo. Despite also receiving supernatural solicitations from the witches he doesnt fall into evil unlike Macbeth. But in point of fact, Banquo historically was an accomplice in the murder of Duncan. A reminder of this presumably would not have pleased James. Thirdly the play explores the issue of kingship and loyalty. These were a profound interest to James who clearly in life avoided an assassination attempt. The divine rights of Kings is essential to the play, The Divine Rights Of Kings meant that because god appointed the king, the king was not answerable to the people or to the parliament, what this is, it means the king has overall power over his people. The play is also intimately related to the topical events of the Gunpowder plot of 1605 and the subsequent trials, of the conspirators. Shakespeare from this picks up the theme of, equivocation. this is related to the wider theme of appearances. It was lady Macbeth who advises Macbeth to, look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under it. The porter is a marvellous lowlife type of character- drunk, obscene, garrulous, and could be considered as one of Shakespeares, best characters of comedy. The bleak Prathieban Sathanathan Mrs. Collins Original Writing intensity of the previous scene gives way to a brief comic interlude- this is where the porter makes his introduction in the play, after the murder of Duncan has been accomplished. Although the porter is crude and rough his introduction benefits the play in a number of ways. The continuation of physical knocking reminds us that we are still in the world where the Macbeths have jus committed murder. There are many practical reasons as to why Shakespeare has included, the porters scene, into this production of Macbeth. The most obvious are being, it gives the actors playing Macbeth and lady Macbeth time to get of the stage, wash the blood off and change their clothes. Shakespeare also had a lot of comic actors in his company, and many of them needed small parts and they were meant to be popular with the audiences. Shakespeare may have been trying to please King James, as the porter refers to the gunpowder plot. Faith, heres an equivocator that could swear in both the scales against either scale, who committed treason enough for gods sake, yet could not equivocate to heaven. an equivocator is someone who does not actually lie, but does not tell the whole truth either. This means he could balance up the scales of justice, by arguing on both sides and prevent someone being convicted, but he could not argue his way into heaven. The point in the play in which Shakespeare has decided to include the scene may be rather comical to some people, as he has brought in this scene straight after a scene which mustve horrified his audience. He may have brought in this comical scene to restrain the audience from laughing in the wrong places, as there is hardly any other comedy present in the play apart from this particular scene. Shakespeare may have used this distinctive scene as a, laughter conductor, so they can be convulsed with laughter in this particular scene, rather than laughing at any other point in the play. By allowing the audience to laugh straight after, the horror of seeing the blood- splattered Macbeths they will be more able to endorse the further bloodshed and horror in the scenes that follow. Earlier in the play, lady Macbeth calls upon; murdering ministers this would immediately cause the audience to make instant comparisons with the Macbeths caste castle and hell. The porter, would also remind Shakespeares audience of the traditional figure of the porter of Hell Gate in medieval plays, this would then make the play universal and this would cause the audience to think that it is about everyone, not just the Macbeths. The porter makes a variety of speeches in this scene; some of these are of the main themes in the play these include, equivocation, damnation and the supernatural. Faith, heres an equivocator that could swear in both scaled against either scale; who committed treason enough for gods sake, yet could not equivocate to heave: O! an equivocator is someone who does not actually lie but does not tell the whole truth either. They hold up and balance the scales of justice, by arguing on both sides, and prevent someone from being convicted; but they could not argue their way into heaven. This topical reference made by the porter to the Gunpowder plot and equivocators would remind the audience about the horror of attempting to kill a king. This would also please king James, as Shakespeare obviously had James primarily in mind whilst writing the play. Shakespeare also includes a reference to, Faith, heres an English tailor come hither for stealing out of a French hose: come in, tailor; here you may roast your goose. The porter is implying that tailors were known for making a profit by using less cloth than the customer had paid for; and they- (the tailors) were eventually caught doing this. Prathieban Sathanathan Mrs. Collins Original Writing This reference to treason links with the earlier account of the Thane of Cawdor and a later discussion between lady Macbeth and her son. Shakespeare also includes the theme of nature in this scene, the porter explains how the farmer had hoarded his corn, hoping for a famine, so that he could sell it for a high price, but a good harvest (the expectation of plenty) has led to a drop in the price, and he has committed suicide. Because he depends on the seasons, he is a time- server (and will also serve time; in hell). Heres a farmer that hanged himself on the expectation of plenty; come in time server. There is a direct comparison made throughout the play about desire and act, this is also included in the porters scene. Drink provokes the desire, but it takes away the performance. This is typical of the frequent use of antithesis throughout the play. The scene proves on of the most essential for Shakespeare, as it is vital for any production of Macbeth. Various issues are exploited in the scene and it also gives way for on screen issues- such as changing, washing etc. So I feel that this is one of the most effective scenes in the play, even though the porter is crude and rough it is an effective scene- one which also makes the audiences laugh, and also gives the audience some beliefs on issues in the play.

Factors influencing assessment of language in school

Factors influencing assessment of language in school Due to the globalization, some people whose first language is not English are the fastest-growing school population, and in Australias classroom are becoming increasingly diverse. Take Deakin university for example, the students in the classroom come from Italy, America, China, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Australia and so on. Many students are from none English Speaking countries and different cultural background. They share the considerable challenge of having to learn English while responding to the subject-matter demands of school. This article is to explore the cultural understandings which underpin pedagogies used in international education. Moreover, there has been great recent interest in the social and policy context of language testing and assessment. McNamara (1998)comments on the recency of discussion of the ethics of language testing, an area in which social values are a main concern; while the previous relative neglect of these issues in research on language testing has been doc umented by Kunnan (1996), quoted from Hamp-Lyons article. Finally, because effective use of technology must be supported by significant investment in hardware, software, infrastructure, professional development, and support services, over the last decade, technology is introduced into the nations school systems, ultimately, the schools will be held accountable for these investments. Assessment refers to the collection and interpretation of information about learners knowledge, skills, strategies and attitudes. It is a vital and integral part of classroom instruction, and serves several purposes and audiences.Assessment polices exert considerable influence over the education of English language learners because assessment influence the identification, classification, placement, and ongoing monitoring of students. Sometimes the assessment results can help the students to improve their abilities and the quality of instruction. Assessment practices were not designed with the diversity o f current population of English language learners in their mind. As a result, assessment practices have also sometimes prevented students who are learning English from gaining access to a high quality education. Many learners complain that the English language tests are too much, in fact their abilities and skills have not been adequately assessed because traditional testing practices do not capture all that they know and can do. This essay will argue that the culture, policy and social condition, the educational background and technology impact on assessment of language in Australia. In planning assessments to be taken by the general student population, including English language learners, the general principles of good assessment practices apply. This article describes different steps within the planning process, highlighting issues most relevant to the assessment of English language learners. First of all, the policy and social considerations influence on language assessment. McNamara (1998) mentions that the use of tests as an arm of policy reform in education and vocational training has grown, and it has been incorporated as an aspect of immigration policy. These developments have invited the kind of analysis made relevant by the new frameworks for thinking about tests outlined above. The policy influence on the school and university educational systems and even the workforce. National governments often require language tests or other formal assessment procedures to be used. Test fairness is a particularly important quality when tests are related to migration, residency or citizenship. Moreover, as labor mobility has risen and immigrant and refugee flows become a more entrenched part of the present global situation, the assessment of language skills has assumed importance in the context of immigration policy, especially in Australia. Besides that the concern of governme nts for greater industrial efficiency, and the needs of vocational education and training of workforces in rapidly changing environments of production, have motivated a range of policy initiatives which have had implications for assessment. In the past 15 years, language assessment has become increasingly uses as an instrument of policy in the areas of school education, vocational training, and immigration. Khattri and Sweet (1996) demonstrate that the policy context supporting the introduction of performance assessment in school and vocational training contexts at national, state, and district levels, quoted from McNamara article. Therefore, policy makers should be aware that there are some other kinds of assessment which may also be appropriate. Tests and other methods of assessment have their own particular benefits which relating to characteristics such as impact on the candidate, the interpretability of results, standardization and reliability of the results which means that it is easy to compare candidates across the same or different administrations, and cost and practicability. It is very significant that the requirements of the situation are considered carefully to identify the most appropriate kind of assessment. It should also be noted that a combination of assessment methods is possible. Brindley argues that the function of such frameworks in providing greater accountability for systems in their delivery of language training potentially involves a conflict with the educational needs of learners and the goals of teachers. For example, as notes in the ETS standards for quality and fairness, validity is one of the most important attributes of an assessment. Validity is commonly referred to as the extent to which a test measurement what it claims to measure. For English language learners, as well as for all populations, it is critical to consider the degree to which interpretations of their test results are valid reflections of the skill or proficiency that an assessment is intended measure (Educational Testing Service, 2009). Language assessment is a measure of language ability for the ELLs. According to study guide, the Rasch model attempt to generalize from test data to estimate candidate ability and item characteristics (difficulty, discrimination and fit to the model). Estimates of candidate ability take task or item difficulty into account and are based on the assumption that the propability of a correct response is a function of the difference between the persons ability and difficulty of the task. For instance, ESL tests are being increasingly used by the Australia government to manage immigration. One test, assess, raises ethical issues in the way it is used to limit numbers and types of immigrants. There are many immigrants from the other countries want to move to Australia, the government should take effective measures to control this situation; the other, step, was used to hasten the determination of residential statu s for substantial numbers of asylum seekers (McNamara, 1998). The Australian tradition of using language tests in immigration policy contexts, dating back to the notorious dictation test which was used to implement a blatantly discriminatory immigration policy until the 1960s, is analyzed by Davies (1996). Cumming (1994) has stressed the responsibility of language assessment practice to promote the welfare of immigration. As a result, where language assessment is being considered, policy makers are urged to first consider issues at a deeper level. 690 Second of all, different language and educational background influences the assessment of English language learners. This point of view describes factors to consider when developing assessments and make useful decisions relate to testing accommodations for English language learners. The factors provide useful context for the guidelines presented in the later parts of the document. As for language factors, many English language learners in Australia are from a wide range of linguistic backgrounds. This is particularly important to keep in mind when considering the use of native language testing accommodations, since it may not be possible to provide assessments in all native languages represented in a large school district to a state. For example, in Deakin University English Language Institute (DUELI), which is a language training school related to Deakin University, many overseas students are from different country, they can communicate with each other in English, through a period o f language learning, at the end of the step there is a language assessment provided. That is to detct the progress of students in language learning. Furthermore, different levels of proficiency in English for English language learners will influence their assessment of language. They may have varying levels of oral and written English proficiency. It also conclude the native speakers, some may not have had any formal schooling in their native language. The language learners should not be assumed that they can converse easily in language learning will have the literacy skills necessary to understand the written directions for a standardized test. Some English language learners may be proficient in the English used for interpersonal communications but not in the academic English needed to fully access content-area assessments (Educational Testing Service, 2009). According to some research that shows the level of language proficiency has an influence on processing speed. Comparing with native speakers, English language learners probably take longer on tasks presented in English. This is important to keep in mind when designing and scoring the assessment, as well as when making decisions about testing accommodations. In addition, as for educational background factors, English language learners vary widely in the level of formal schooling they have had in their native language (Educational Testing Service, 2009). The degree of native language formal schooling affects not only native language, but also for the assessment of English language learners. The other the proficiency of the language learners in literacy in the native language is involving the skills and knowledge. For instance, some students are refugee people, they want to go to the school which the educational system with little or no formal schooling in any language. These students must learn English and content-area knowledge simultaneously, while also being socialized into a school context that may be extremely unfamiliar. The other English language learners may come to the formal schooling and may have received instruction in the content area in their native language. Accord to Educational Testing Service (2009) describes the primary challenge for these students is simply to change their existing content knowledge into English. In addition, these factors come into play when making decisions about appropriate accommodations. Moreover, there are vary degrees of exposure to standardized testing, it should not be assumed that the English language learners have had the same exposure to the standardized testing that is prevalent in Australia. The learners in some countries may have had no exposure to multiple-choice questions, while those from other countries may never have seen a constructed-response question. Even English language learners from educationally advantaged backgrounds and with high levels of English language proficiency may not be accustomed to standardized, large-scale assessments and may be at a disadvantage in these testing situations. Thirdly, cultural factors can be potential sources of construct-irrelevant variance that add to the complex of appropriately assessing English language learners. Culture is an important facet of the learners social environment as cultural beliefs guide and direct behaviour. Each culture has different value systems and these guides the individual. English language learners are from a wide range of cultural background, and cultural difference may place the English language learners at a disadvantage in a standardized testing situation. Lack of familiarity with mainstream Australia culture, they may potentially have an impact on test scores for English language learners. The learners who are unfamiliar with Australia culture may be at disadvantage relative to their peers because they may hold different assumptions about the testing situation or the educational environment in general, have different background knowledge and experience, or unfamiliar with Australia culture may be at a pos sess different sets of cultural values and beliefs, and therefore respond to questions differently (Accord to Educational Testing Service, 2009). In fact, assessment the true value of language assessment is to check the language learners learning level, and based on the assessment results to help students progress. Culture differences are inevitable factors and impact on language assessment obviously. In addition, assessment can be used for a variety of purpose such as diagnosis of learners strengths and weaknesses, grading of learners performance, placement of learners in an appropriate class or teaching programme, and evaluation of learners for further studies. August, D., Pease-Alvarez, L. (1996) maintains that assessment presented builds on the school-wide and classroom cultures, policies, and practices that characterize effective schools for English language learners. Elements of these include a core curriculum aligned with rigorous content standards, student assessment that i s culturally responsive, teacher knowledge of strategies that support students cultural backgrounds, and a challenging and responsive learning environment. Every element of the model is first presented in a research-based discussion and then followed by attributes of effective practices based on examples from school sites. All cultures promote specific norms of behavior that can influence the assessment and intervention process with members of ethnically diverse groups, cultural issues related to the assessment process and culturally sensitive recommendations. Last but not least, technological aspects impact on assessment of language in schools. Each technology is likely to play a different role in students learning. Rather than trying to describe the impact of all technologies as if they were the same, researchers need to think about what kind of technologies are being used in the classroom and for what purposes, applied linguists might consider technology in language assessment by discussing ways in which streamlines the testing process. Two general distinctions can be made. Students can learn from computers-where technology used essentially as tutors and serves to increase students basic skills and knowledge; and can learn with computers-where technology is used a tool that can be applied to a variety of goals in the learning process and can serve as a resource to help develop higher order thinking, creativity and research skills (Reeves, 1998; Ringstaff Kelley, 2002). In fact, much progress can be identified with respect to this worth while goal, as many language tests today are delivered on microcomputers and over the internet. An equally important strand of language assessment concerns its effects on language learning, language teaching, and knowledge within the field of applied linguistics. The story of technology in language assessment needs to encompass both the efficiency of technical accomplishments, which is evident in part through the success of testing programs in constructing technology-based tests, as well as the effects of these test. Technology can encompass a board range of devices used in the testing process, from recording equipment, statistical programs, and data bases, to programs capable of language recognition (Burstein, Frase, Ginther, and Grant, 1996). Many different types of technology can be used to support and improve learning, involving the language assessment. Everything from video content and digital moviemaking to laptop computing and handheld technologies have been used in classroom s, and new uses of technology such as podcasting are constantly emerging(Marshall, 2002). For example, writing assessment is a suitable point which can support this belief that the students can become better writers when they use the computer for writing. By creating more frequent opportunities for students to learn, Students writing in digital form makes it possible to analyze writing quality in more detail, grade the writing by automated means, and provide immediate feedback to both the student and the teacher about how well the student performed (Miller, 2009), quoted from Bejar (2010). A digital writing environment also can provide students with tools or scaffolds (Deane, Quinlan, Kostin, in press) that can facilitate writing. The feasibility of detailed writing analysis also makes it possible to study the development of writing skills and to chart their development on a meaningful scale (Attali Powers, 2008). Many years ago, access to technology was limited and writing school was one of the nations highest education priorities. Public schools have also made consistent progress in expanding Internet access in instructional rooms. Technology is introduced into our nations school systems. Along with expanded access has come a growing pervasiveness of technology in society. For the new generation of young people, technology, particularly the Internet, has assumed a substan tial stake in their social and educational lives. To sum up, English as a world language, in the past few decades a significant change about the language, researchers have found that these changes not only from English language itself, but also from other factors. This chapter has attempted to outline the issues that need to be considered and, by implication, the issues for which policy makers should take responsibility. The questions of what type of assessment is necessary for the intended purpose, and what it can be expected to measure should be considered first. For the successful use of a language test for migration and citizenship purposes, those who define the policy must work with the test providers on several aspects after the decision to use a test has been made. During these changes will impact on language -related changes in language teaching and assessment. Assessment is the practice of collecting evidence of student learning. In the past, the English test or assessment still to the native English speakers of the languag e for criteria, which language closed to the native English speakers is a good standard of evaluation results, and vice versa is not up to the standard learning objectives. Language testing and evaluation is changed now, set the highest standards and evaluate the assessment of the highest standards from the distance and differences, and then view the object of study and progress through the content analysis. Language assessment also based on the different factors is change, and position of the language assessment is more important in the world, therefore, linguists, educators, and testing evaluators should pay more attention on the advantages and limitations of the language assessment, and to grasp these changes then take effective measures.

Heart Attacks Essay -- Health Medical Research Papers

Heart Attacks Heart attacks are the leading cause of death in the United States. Everyday approximately 1,500 people die from heart attacks. Thousands more suffer crippling effects of some form, and remain disabled for the rest of their lives. A simple definition of a heart attack is a sudden failure of the heart resulting from an occlusion or obstruction of a coronary artery. Basically, this means the heart is no longer receiving the blood supply it needs to function properly. A person having a heart attack experiences severe pain in the chest extending to the left shoulder and arm. Heart attacks occur for a variety of reasons. Diet, genetics, obesity, and lack of exercise are all contributors to heart attacks. Smoking and stress are the most widespread causes however, affecting 2.5 million people every year. Therefore, smoking and stress are two major causes of heart attacks. Smoking causes heart attacks. The tobacco in cigarettes and cigars contain a chemical called nicotine. When inhaled into the lungs, nicotine causes the release of hormones in the body. These hormones raise the blood pressure. Consequently, a person's heart rate increases 15 to 25 beats per minute. Nicotine also causes the blood vessels to contract. People who smoke have a harder time keeping their hands and feet warm because their blood does not circulate as well as it does in non-smokers. When the heart rate increases and the blood vessels remain constricted for an extended p...

Weight Loss Through Hypnosis :: Dieting Health Papers

Weight Loss Through Hypnosis Why weight loss through hypnosis? The escalation of obesity rates in this country has sparked a flurry of activity amongst both serious researchers and charlatans to discover the perfect weight loss method. Hypnosis represents one of the more appealing methods dangled before the eyes of those who are hungry for a seemingly easy solution to a complex problem. Unfortunately, hypnosis suffers from frequent misrepresentation by those with a penchant for profits who capitalize on the widespread ignorance regarding its mechanisms of action. A careful review of the scientific literatures exposes many of the claims about weight loss through hypnosis on the intemet as overly optimistic at best and openly fraudulent at worst. Who Wants To Sell You Hypnosis and Why? The material available on the world wide web about hypnosis as a weight loss method is distributed by people trying to sell videotapes, audiotapes, books, or seminars. Dr. Mchael Beaulieu, for example, asserts that his one hour hypnotherapy cassette which costs a mere $19.95 will "quickly erase old habits and establish new ones--INSTANTLY! (http://web.idirect.conVO/o7EIosefat/). The reader should automatically doubt this overzealous exclamation because intuitively one knows that weight loss cannot be instantaneous. Dr. Beaulieu talks about his appearance on the Sally Jesse Raphael show as if this credit somehow substantiates his claims. Similarly, the Clauser Hypnosis Clinic provides testimonials as evidence for weight loss, as much as 122 pounds after only one session (http://magic.mistic.net/hypnosis/). Although many of these apparent quacks claim to have worked at prestigious universities, the consumer must acknowledge that this fact cannot be easily verified and even if true does not guarantee credibility. A business known as Mind Works states that "you can think yourself thin" with hypnosis for $25.00 per session" (http://essexct.com/Mndworks/). Mind Works like other advertisers neglects to explain the process by which hypnosis will occur. Lisa Barnett gives a list of her credentials as a researcher in neurolinguistic progranuning and hypnosis who can reduce weight through her $39.95 hypnosis audiotape (http://www.dbcity.com/weightioss/). The old adage let the buyer beware rings true for claims being made that single sessions of hypnosis can bring about weight loss with no effort on the client's part. Hypnosis--The Natural Cure? Many of the advertisers on the intemet want you to believe that because hypnosis is natural, it cannot harm you and is a superior method of weight loss. Dr. Mike highlights the natural side of hypnosis since it does not involve drugs and Guarantees his clients will lose weight (http,://www.

Critical Analysis of Mark Antony’s Funeral Speech Essay

Of all Shakespeare’s works , Julius Caesar is a play that hinges upon rhetoric – both as the art of persuasion and an artifice used to veil intent. The most striking of Shakespeare is his command of language. In Mark Antony’s funeral oration for Caesar, we have not only one of Shakespeare’s most recognizable opening lines but one of his finest examples of rhetorical irony at work. The speech could serve as a thematic synopsis to Julius Caesar. One of the most important and significant parts in the play is the funeral speech given by both Brutus and Mark Antony. At first, the funeral speeches seem to have no true significant meaning. However in further investigation it is established that the speeches ultimately serve as the basis for the final outcome of the play. By exploring the speeches of both Brutus and Mark Antony we are able to focus on the important details which alter one from the other. Through this analysis we are also able to realize why Brutus’s speech becomes one of his justifications and explanations, while Antony’s becomes one of manipulation and skill. It is known that both Brutus and Antony desired to appeal to the common people. However, the way in which each man went about it differs drastically. Not only did it influence the outcome of the play, but each speech also offers a unique insight on each of the speakers. Brutus’s speech Brutus’s speech becomes one of acquittal, not only for the people of Rome, but for Brutus himself. He uses his â€Å"honor and nobility† as a shield to defend and justify his actions to the crowd. Brutus states that he has carried out this horrendous act because of his love for Rome, and for the good of the people. â€Å"This is my answer, not that I have loved Caesar less, but that I love Rome more†¦ (3. 2. 21-22). In his speech he requests that the people use their â€Å"reason† to judge him. Although this seduces the crowd, it is not until after one of the common people cry â€Å"Let him be Caesar. † (3. 2. 51) that it is realized the speech is â€Å"merely too good for them. † Brutus begins to realize that liberty is not what the people wanted, but rather that they desire a powerful leader. Although his speech serves the purpose for its practical effectiveness, Brutus later comes to discover that his lack of insight of human nature aided in the apparent hopelessness of his cause. In comparison Mark Antony fully understands human nature and uses his awareness of it in his speech. Antony appeals to the passion and the grief of the people. What Brutus failed to recognize in the people, Antony used to his best interest. He realized that the people of Rome were completely incapable of acting with â€Å"reason† and he employed this inability to manipulate and control their emotions and actions. By using Brutus’ own explanations for Caesar’s death to begin his speech, Antony proves his validity to the crowd. By questioning Caesar’s ambition, yet never actually humiliating the conspirators; He succeeds in purposely leading the crowd away from any rational defense provided by Brutus. Antony uses his own grief along with a series of lies to remove the sympathy of the people. Through his powerful and honest speech he is able to cast a shadow of doubt into the minds of the people, and the crowd begins to gaze at the true motive behind Caesar’s murder. Antony understands the needs and wants of the people and uses this to prey upon their emotions and passions. He dangles Caesar’s Will in front of the people and then quickly puts it away again, knowing that the crowd will demand that it be read. Antony also recalls memories of the cloak Caesar now wears, while revealing his bloodied body, fully aware of the havoc it will reek, but unrelenting in his quest for revenge. Antony’s Speech Antony’s performance on the bully pulpit came as no surprise. To be sure, Antony does not have it easy. He is already a man distrusted by the conspirators for his friendship with Caesar. Brutus lets him speak at Caesar’s funeral, but only after Brutus,a great orator in his own right, has spoken first to â€Å"show the reason of our Caesar’s death†. Burtus makes it very clear that Antony may speak whatever good he wishes of Caesar so long as he speaks no ill of the conspirators. Obviously Antony has two advantages over Burtus: his subterfuge and his chance to have the last word. It is safe to say that Antony makes the most of his opportunity. He even mocks the senators and merely sets the table for dissent. He progressively hits upon the notes of ambition and honourable in a cadence that soon calls both terms into question. Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears; From a rhythmic perspective, the trochaic feel of this opening immediately commands attention. The succession of hard stresses is also Shakespeare’s way of using the verse to help Antony cut through the din of the crowd. Antonoy also echoes the opening line that Brutus uses [â€Å"Romans, countrymen and lovers†],but conspicuously rearranges it; where Brutus begins with â€Å"Romans† to reflect his appeal to their reason, Antony begins with â€Å"friends†, which reflects the more emotional tact he will take throughout the rest of his speech. Remember also that Antony has entered the Forum with Caesar’s body in tow and will use corpse as a prop throughout his oration. Antony follows with a line of straight iambic pentameter punctuated with a feminine ending [ â€Å"I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him]. Here is the first irony of Antony’s speech, in that he is unequivocally here to praise Caesar. Antony is, in fact, lying. Come I to speak in Caesar’s funeral,Antony returns to the actual predicate of his statement with innocuous metrical regularity. The line is all but a throway; Antony doesn’t want the crowd dwelling on the idea that he is speaking here by permission. The preceding parenthetical insertion of Brutus and the rest being â€Å"honourable men† displace his emphasis and lessens the impression that Brutus holds sway over him. In doing so, Antony effectively obeys the letter of his agreement without yielding to its spirit. But Brutus says he was ambitious; Antony contrasts his experience with what Brutus has said. The obvious implication is that Brutus and Antony have different views of Caesar. The more subtle implication is that since both men have claimed him as their friend, they have equal authority to speak on the subject of Caesar’s disposition. Antony, however, has the advantage of not needing to justify his actions. Instead, Antony can focus on sawing the limb out from under Brutus’s argument. And Brutus is an honourable man. At this point, Antony is still ostensibly speaking well of Brutus—at least to the crowd. A plebian might think that at worst, perhaps, either Antony or Brutus has made an honest mistake in his judgment of Caesar. On the other hand, the words says, ambitious, and honourable are becoming impossible to miss. Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; This is the third time in this speech that Antony utters this refrain. Every time he says this, it draws Brutus in an increasingly harsher light. The recurring repetition amplifies the question in the mind of the audience, There is a rather obscure rhetorical term for this technique; it’s known as repotia, which describes using the same phrase with minor variations in tone, diction, or style. My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar, The regular iambic rhythm of the line and the feminine ending both help soften this line’s tone, which contrasts the high fervor of â€Å"O judgment! † It’s a simple metaphor that holds up well four centuries later. To Antony’s credit, the sentiment is grounded in his love for Caesar; it’s also quite telling of the character that he’s able to use this emotion in such a cynical enterprise. Throughout his speech Antony calls the conspirators honorable men. He then says, â€Å"You [the crowd] all did love him once, not without cause. What cause withholds you then to mourn for him? † This question goes against Brutus by questioning his speech when he betrayed Caesar. Now the crowd is starting to turn against the conspirators and follow Antony. Even though in his speech Antony never directly calls the conspirators traitors, he is able to call them â€Å"honourable† in a sarcastic manner that the crowd is able to understand. He starts out by citing that Caesar had thrice refused the crown, which refutes the conspirators’ main cause for killing Caesar. He reminds them of Caesar’s kindness and love for all, humanizing Caesar as innocent. Next he teases them with the will until they demand he read it, and he reveals Caesar’s ‘gift’ to the citizens. Finally, Mark Antony leaves them with the question, was there ever a greater one than Caesar? which infuriates the crowd. He then turns and weeps. Antony then teases the crowd with Caesar’s will, which they beg him to read, but he refuses. Antony tells the crowd to â€Å"have patience† and expresses his feeling that he will â€Å"wrong the honourable men whose daggers have stabbed Caesar† if he is to read the will. The crowd yells out â€Å"they were traitors† and have at this time completely turned against the conspirators and are inflamed about Caesar’s death. Antony uses the â€Å"Ceremonial† mode of persuasion in order to convince his audience that Caesar is not worthy of honor and praise. Antony must use â€Å"pathos† in order to appeal to the emotion of the audience. He must understand the disposition of the audience in order to successfully persuade his audience that Caesar truly was an ambitious man. â€Å"†¦ Bear with me; / my heart is in the coffin there with Caesar, / And I must pause till it come back to me. † (JC III ii 47) Marc Antony’s speech at Caesar’s funeral was so cunning and powerful that it caused the crowd’s loyalties to sway. Prior to Marc Antony’s oration the crowd favored Brutus and the conspirators. However, Marc Antony’s compelling discourse caused the plebeians to support him, and not Brutus. Marc Antony used three literary devices during his funeral oration, rhetorical question, sarcasm, and repetition, to successfully persuade the crowd. Although the crowd was supportive of the conspirators after Brutus’s speech, Marc Antony’s use of sarcasm in his funeral oration caused them to rethink who they should support. Conclusion Although both of Caesar’s funeral speeches seem to serve the basic purpose of appealing to the people, their dissimilarity serves as a great significance. Brutus’ speech, which appeared to be, honest becomes a speech of symmetrical structure, balanced sentences, ordered procedure, rhetorical questions and abstract subject matter, and ultimately became a speech of utter dishonesty. This along with Brutus’ lack of human insight aided in his inevitable downfall. Mark Antony’s speech on the other hand, for all its playing on passions and all its lies, proved to be at the bottom a truly honest speech because of Antony’s unconditional love for Caesar. To that extent Antony had truth on his side, making him concrete and real rather then abstract, and with this aided in his successful victory.

HRM practices at Ford Essay

Henry Ford â€Å"Failure is simply the opportunity to begin again this time more intelligently.† â€Å"I do not believe a man can ever leave his business. He ought to think of it by day and dream of it by night† â€Å"It has been my observation that most people get ahead during the time that others waste.† – Henry Ford History of Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Company is an American automaker and the world’s third largest automaker based on worldwide vehicle sales. Based in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit, the automaker was founded by Henry Ford, and incorporated on June 16, 1903. Ford Motor Company would go on to become one of the largest and most profitable companies in the world, as well as being one of the few to survive the Great Depression. The largest family-controlled company in the world, the Ford Motor Company has been in continuous family control for over 100 years. Ford now encompasses several brands, including Lincoln and Mercury. The founding of Ford Motor Company Henry Ford’s initial foray into automobile manufacturing was the Detroit Automobile Company, founded in 1899. The company floundered, and in 1901 was reorganized as the Henry Ford Company. Ford had a falling out with his financial backers, and in March 1902 left the company with the rights to his name and 900 dollars. The Henry Ford Company changed their name to Cadillac, brought in Henry M. Leland to manage the operation, and went on to be a successful manufacturer of automobiles. Henry Ford himself turned to an acquaintance, coal dealer Alexander Y. Malcomson, to help finance another automobile company. Malcomson put up the money to start the partnership â€Å"Ford and Malcomson† and the pair designed a car and began ordering parts. However, by February 1903, Ford and Malcomson had gone through more money than expected, and the manufacturing firm of John and Horace Dodge, who had made parts for Ford and Malcomson, was demanding payment. On June 16, 1903,  the Ford Motor Company was incorporated, with 12 investors owning a total of 1000 shares. Ford and Malcomson together retained 51% of the new company in exchange for their earlier investments. When the total stock ownership was tabulated, shares in the company were: Henry Ford (255 shares), Alexander Y. Malcomson (255 shares), John S. Gray (105 shares), John W. Anderson (50 shares), Horace Rackham (50 shares), Horace E. Dodge (50 shares), John F. Dodge (50 shares), Charles T. Bennett (50 shares), Vernon C. Fry (50 shares), Albert Strelow (50 shares), James Couzens (25 shares), and Charles J. Woodall (10 shares). At the first stockholder meeting on June 18, Gray was elected president, Ford vice-president, and James Couzens secretary. Despite Gray’s misgivings, Ford Motor Company was immediately profitable, with profits by October 1, 1903 of almost $37,000. A dividend of 10% was paid that October, an additional dividend of 20% at the beginning of 1904, and a nother 68% in June 1904. Two dividends of 100% each in June and July 1905 brought the total investor profits to nearly 300% in just over 2 years; 1905 total profits were almost $300,000. However, there were internal frictions in the company that Gray was nominally in charge of. Most of the investors, both Malcomson and Gray included, had their own businesses to attend to; only Ford and Couzens worked full-time at the company. The issue came to a head when the principal stockholders, Ford and Malcomson, quarreled over the future direction of the company. Gray sided with Ford. By early 1906 Malcomson was effectively frozen out of the Ford Motor Company, and in May sold his shares to Henry Ford. John S. Gray died unexpectedly in 1906, and his position as Ford’s president was taken over by Ford himself soon afterward. Ford came to India in 1998 with its Ford Escort modelFord India was ranked as one of the top 25 best employers in India in 2009 by the Hewitt Associates. The company was included in the top 25 employers due to an objective oriented strategy, strong emphasis on recruiting, motivating, developing and training capable human resources. The company has implemented career development in the company objectives and there is an open culture at every level of the organisation. Growth oriented strategies and well being of employees are emphasised to enhance employee satisfaction (Ford Motor Company 2009). Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines. Henry  Ford’s methods came to be known around the world as Fordism by 1914. Alan Mulally Alan Roger Mulally (born August 4, 1945) is an American engineer and business executive who is currently the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Ford Motor Company. Ford, which had been struggling during the late-2000s recession, returned to profitability under Mulally and was the only American major car manufacturer to avoid government-sponsored bankruptcy. Mulally was previously executive vice president of Boeing and the CEO of Boeing Commercial Airplanes (BCA). He began his career with Boeing as an engineer in 1969 and was largely credited with BCA’s resurgence against Airbus in the mid-2000s. Education Mulally graduated from the University of Kansas, also his mother’s alma mater, in 1969 with Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in aeronautical and astronautical engineering. He is an alumnus of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity and is its 2007 Man of the Year. He received a Master’s degree in Management (S.M.) as a Sloan Fellow from the MIT Sloan School of Management in 1982. Ford Motor Company Mulally was named the President and CEO of Ford Motor Company on September 5, 2006, succeeding William Clay Ford, Jr. CURRENT NEWS FORD EARNS FIRST QUARTER PRE-TAX OPERATING PROFIT OF $2.3 BILLION AND NET INCOME OF $1.4 BILLION + Ford Motor Company [NYSE: F] today reported 2012 first quarter pre-tax operating profit of $2.3 billion, or 39 cents per share, and net income of $1.4 billion, or 35 cents per share, led by strong performance in North America and Ford Credit. Ford has now been profitable on a pre-tax operating basis for 11 consecutive quarters. (27 April 2012) Ford claims multiple Edmunds value awards Ford dominated five categories of Edmunds’ 2012 Best Retained Value Awards. Ford F-150 took Large Light-Duty Truck honors for â€Å"offering so many models and useful features,† while Ford F-350 Super Duty’s â€Å"ideal mix of power, brawn and refinement† earned it the Large Heavy-Duty Truck award. The â€Å"best pony car you can buy† goes to Ford Mustang in the $25,000-$35,000 Coupe category while â€Å"top dog† Ford Shelby GT500 won twice, taking both Coupe and Convertible Over $45,000 groups. Click here for more. (24 April 2012) Ford Motor Company has long had a history of advertising slogans that bring the current company direction to the masses and now, FoMoCo has unveiled the newest motto that the company believes will resonate well both with consumers and employees – â€Å"Go Further†. Human Resource Managment for Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Company is a world-wide leader in automotive and automotive-related products and services as well as in new industries such as aerospace , communications and financial services . Their mission is to improve continually their products and services to meet their customer ‘s needs , allowing them to prosper as a business and to provide a reasonable return for their stockholders , the owners of their business . Values , how they accomplish their mission is as important as the mission itself . Fundamental to success for the company are these basic values : People , their people are the source of their strength People provide their corporate intelligence and determine their reputation and vitality . Involvement and team work are their core human values . Products , Their products are the end of their efforts , and people should be the best in serving customers world-wide . Operation in the Human Resource Department The Ford Motor company ‘s transition from tough managerialism , a management philosophy based on the promising pursuit of tight control over all employees , to a strategy of willing participation and involvement. Ford Motor Company in the 1980s provided a powerful example of major changes in personnel practice . They chose to concentrate on Ford for two reasons (a ) because of its paradigmatic importance as progenitor of the traditional production approach and (b ) because of the magnitude of the chance it initiated during the 1980s which reflected a critical re-evaluation of the production approach and a significant move in the direction of HRM for strategic reasons Ford is synonymous with the creation of a particular  management style- Fordism based on hierarchical decision-making with strict functional specialization , tightly defined job design and specialized machinery to mass produce a standard product for mass markets (Starkey Mckinlay ,1989). A conjunction of market and technological factors stimulated Ford ‘s continuing efforts to redesign jobs , its mode of organization and its prevailing culture . The organizational model for Ford ‘s rethinking of its approach to personnel management was , in part , Japanese-inspired The company ‘s close links with Mazda , in which it owns a 25 a percent stake , serves as a source of competitive bench-marking . This bench-marking formed the basis of its long-term strategy . The pre-existing Fordist system provided important elements of continuity System or Strategy Used For Hiring New Workers Henry Ford ‘s celebrated Five-Dollar-a-Day program , introduced in 1914 contained an element of investment to deal with worker heterogeneity . In the early 1900s , most of Ford ‘s workers were recent arrivals to Detroit and many were new immigrants : in 1915 more than 50 languages were spoken at Ford ‘s Highland Park plant Ford made two types of investments in employment relations to deal with worker heterogeneity . First , it is well known that he introduced an extreme division of labor in his mass production system. Such an arrangement reduced , if not eliminated , the necessity for workers to communicate with one another. Second, for introduced a system of inspection and certification to homogenize workers with respect to certain productivity attributes . Thus , according to Raff and summers (1987 , some 150 Ford Sociological Department inspectors visited the homes of all workers in to inculcate them with Ford values and to certify them for the Five-Dollar-a-Day program Recruitment is the first important step in creating the right work force for successful training . Most hiring in Japan takes place in spring when students graduate from high schools and colleges . New hires arrive ready and malleable for employment-based training . Japanese employers stress academic achievement in their hiring decisions , in contrast to the U .S . situation where academic achievement rarely serve as a hiring criterion . In Japan schools , which are in the best position to judge students ‘ achievements , perform much of the screening through semiformal ‘ arrangements with specific employers. Many employers have  established ongoing relationships with particular high schools to help recruit their graduates year after year . In hiring for production and clerical jobs , for example , employers , especially large ones , rely extensively on the recommendations from high schools . These recommendations are based mostly on academic achievements . In some cases , employers also administer their own tests , though this practice has become less common recently , given the shortage of high school graduates In hiring workers , Ford had no use for experience and wanted machine-tool operators who have nothing to unlearn , who have no theories of correct surface speeds for metal finishing , and will simply do what they are told to do , over and over again , from bell-time to bell-time In deskilling shop-floor work , Ford conformed to the more general trend in US industry at the time . By the 1920s craft control had been defeated , and in the process , in most of the major mass-production enterprises , shop-floor workers found themselves excluded from the organizational learning process that generated competitive advantage responding to , and reinforcing , the segment system of skill formation that emerged in dominant US industrial enterprises in the early twentieth century , a highly stratified educational system evolved that effectively separated out future managers from future workers even before they entered the workplace. Thus , a deep social gulf was created between managers as `insiders ‘ and workers as `outsiders ‘ in the employment relations of US industrial enterprises Until the last decade of the nineteenth century , a formal system of higher education was relatively unimportant for the development and utilization of productive resources , in part because US industry was only beginning to make the transition from the machine-based first industrial revolution , in which shop-floor experience remained important , to the science-based second industrial revolution , in which systematic formal education was a virtual necessity . From the late nineteenth century , however , the system of higher education became central to supplying technical and administrative personnel to the burgeoning bureaucracies of US industrial enterprises Developing its system. During the period when Ford was developing its system of mass production , it  encountered on a correspondingly massive scale the individualized resistance of workers who refused to consent to permanent subordination under the new system . By the time the first moving assembly lines were being created in the Highland Park plant , labor turnover was becoming an acute problem for Ford management . In 1913 the rate of quits at Ford was about 370 percent of the Further , according to company officials , during the same period it was not unusual for 10 percent of those currently holding jobs at Ford to be absent on a given day . The company was becoming aware that problems with its labor force were costing it money . hiring and training of new workers on such a massive scale entailed a significant seen as impairing the efficiency of production Another aspect of the labor problem ‘ which Ford management perceived was restriction of output or soldiering by workers , a form of covert and informally organized resistance which directly challenged the basic presumption of Taylorism and Fordism : management control of the pace and intensity of work. Flow production and moving line assemble were reducing the scope for soldiering , but would not eliminate it. Ford management was also concerned about more organized forms of opposition and the potential influence among its workers of unions such as the Carriage , Wagon and Automobile Workers ‘ Union (CWAWU ) and radical groups such as the International Workers of the World (IWW . Although Detroit had been justly known as an open shop town since around 1902 and labor unions and radical organizations were not particularly strong in the automobile plants , the IWW had launched a well publicized campaign to organize Detroit auto workers , had agitated at Ford ‘s Highland Park plant , and led a strike-all the more frightening to employers because it was organized along industrial rather than craft lines. Ford ‘s problems of labor control were compounded by the large numbers of immigrants who comprised the new industrial workforce at Ford. In 1914 , 71 percent of Ford workers were foreign-born , representing at lest 22 different nationalities (some Ford publications claimed fifty or more ) among which eastern and southern Europeans predominated . Many of these immigrant workers were from a peasant background , and found entirely alien an industrial work culture such as that at Ford . Although the detailed division of labor and specialized machinery in the Ford shops minimized the requirements of skill and judgment and thereby made it possible for unskilled immigrants to become auto workers  with minimal training , Ford managers were concerned about the effects which such a culturally heterogeneous workforce might have upon shop discipline and the steady output of their integrated productive system Fordism and current HRM Practices at Ford Motors  Much of the origins of Modern Human Resource Management can be traced back to developments in American industry in the early years of the 20th century, more specifically t o the management and production policies initiated by Henry Ford at the Detroit factories of Ford Motors. Organising the workforce of the company on the same footing as other factors of production, Ford was instrumental in introducing the concepts of assembly lines, mass production, and the technical division of labour within companies and their production units. Fordism, as this set of personnel management practices came to be known, was identified with strong hierarchical control, extraordinarily good remuneration, (the five dollar day), and the restriction of workers to particular tasks, both skilled and unskilled. The emphasis in Fordism was on quantity, not quality, and workers were not allowed to involve themselves in any activity outside their specifically delegated functions. Fordism came to be associated with hierarchical decision making, strict functional specialisation, and tightly defined job design. With assembly line stoppages remaining unattended on purpose until the arrival of specialists, and workers knowing very little outside their specific areas of work, product quali ty in Fordism was allowed to be subordinated to the need to maintain and increase volumes. Ford Motors also saw the establishment of the first â€Å"sociology†, or employee welfare departments, in which managers tried to ensure that domestic problems were not allowed to impinge on assembly line productivity. Whilst absorption and utilisation of modern technology and design have always been associated with Ford’s way of functioning, the company even today typifies the â€Å"production model† of HR, manifested by tough and consistent practice of industrial relations and a clear focus on the continuity of production. HR policies have continued to be hierarchical and the company organisation is known to be multi layered, bureaucratic, and with comparatively low levels of delegation and working independence. Reacting to the success of Japanese manufacturing practices, Ford initiated changes in its personnel policies in the early 1980s to bring in elements of  Japanese HR practice. A number of measures for increasing participation and involvement of worker s in Ford UK over the following years led to significant improvement in results. Performance Management imperatives were incorporated into the remuneration structure and problem solving groups, similar to quality circles, now flourish in the company. The company’s Employee Development and Assistance Programme, which allowed for non-work, non-pay benefits for educational needs of employees also met with significant worker approval. Whilst Ford Motors is trying to make its HR policy more participative and focused on improving workforce skills and abilities, old bureaucratic practices still remain. Industry analysts assert that the company is manager heavy and that individual managers are prone to guard their own turf. It is estimated that Ford has 12 levels between the shop floor worker and the Chief Operating Officer (COO) compared to 4 for Toyota. Despite recent efforts to renew workforce participation, which resulted in thousands of suggestions, even transparently effective recommendations for improving productivity and cutting costs are difficult to intr oduce because of complex and time consuming procedures and the need for union acquiescence. Steady inroads made by trade unions over the years also means that all Ford workers are covered by contracts that include not just pay and benefits but also a broad range of shop floor actions. Productivity levels, once the glory of the company, is, at 37 hours per vehicle, much worse than Toyota’s comparative figures of 27 hours. Strikes are not uncommon, not just at Detroit but also at Ford factories in other countries. A recent strike at Ford’s Russian factory led to prolonged work disruption and resulted in across the board wage increases of more than 20% before production restarted. Whilst selection and recruitment policies at Ford are extremely structured, with salaries and working conditions being governed by union agreements, adding manpower is the last thing on the management’s mind right now. The management, apart from selling off its Jaguar and Land Rover brands, has initiated a process of downsizing its American workforce by 30,000 workers, a proposal that has not been met kindly by its unions, and which is likely to be the company’s chief HR focus in coming months. HR PRACTICES AT FORD MOTOR HR Strategic Planning Culture and Change Management Leadership Development Labour Relations Succession Planning Diversity Enhancement Learning and Development Employee Relations Reward and Recognition Systems Workforce Planning Recruiting and Selection OTHER HR PRACTICES- US Skills and Credentials HR Summer Intern Program HR Ford College Graduate (FCG) Program E-HR Practice HR ONLINE – a key component of Fords HR service delivery strategy Launched in Jan 1999  training program Ford’s training program includes the Fairlane Training and Development Center. This is a center that focuses on teaching vital skills to existing employees to become future leaders. For example they teach the Six Sigma theory that is now viewed as one of the most important management theories. Since 1999 Six Sigma has become Ford’s turnaround strategy to reclaim market share. They trained thousands of their workers to improve their skills on quality management so that they could implement this new strategy. In addition they have set up a Leadership Development Center that is targeted at grooming future leaders. Providing more incentive for workers to work hard and hopefully become leaders in the organization. Ford’s Performance Appraisal System Conclusion A broad summarisation of HRM policies at Ford leads to the following conclusions: HRM policies at Ford have evolved over many years. Ford’s HRM  policies still follow the production model, which works towards continuous production.Ford is making efforts to increase worker participation, its inherent bureaucracies and adversarial relationships with Trade Unions make this task difficult and complex. Ford is also very careful about the quality of its employees at all levels. However, with downsizing programme in the USA, which includes both managers and workers, has effectually led to most of its recruitment efforts occurring in overseas locations, where local constraints play a part in the recruitment process. Remuneration and benefits for employees are attractive in Ford and the company believes in providing for employees through cash and non cash means. Ford is significantly more constrained in its ability to alter compensation or work practices because of the strength of it s Trade Unions. In Ford, whilst the commitment between management and employees is lesser, strong Trade Union agreements make it difficult to terminate workers at will. Trade Unions play a far more dominant role in Ford , especially in its Japanese factories. Some future challenges for ford Globalization and increased competition Managing a global workforce. Ensuring availability of employees who have the skills for global assignments. Focusing increasingly on employee productivity to ensure competitiveness. Ensuring legal compliance when conducting business abroad. Downsizing Managing organizational relationship with survivors Managing morale and commitment of survivors Providing outplacement services or relocation for employees who lose jobs. Providing personal and family counseling to employees who lose their jobs. Industry and Occupational shifts Managing workforce with flexible working patterns. Focusing on competencies during hiring process. Designing incentive based compensation. Developing proactive employee development programmes. Technological Advancements Managing a virtual workforce. Managing employee alienation. Developing training modules and conducting programmes to provide employees with required skills. Retraining current employees to mange obsolescence. Providing work-life balance initiatives. Outsourcing Manage employee concerns about losing jobs due to outsourcing. Managing employee morale and productivity. Flexible Work Arrangement Managing the loss of organizational control over work. Developing programmes for motivating the flexible workforce. Developing ways of ensuring commitment of the flexible workforce to the firm. Workforce Composition Devising customized HR strategies for hiring, retaining, and motivating employees belonging to different generations. Developing life-style driven perks for the new generation employees. Developing work-life balance programmes. Ageing population and workforce Finding replacement for retirees. Managing the demand-supply gap for qualified managerial talent due to a large retiring workforce. Developing mentoring programmes to ensure the skills of experienced mangers are passed on to new managers. Obsolescence training and retaining of older employees. Managing retirement policies. Conducting programmes to retain experienced employees. Women in workforce Strategizing to attract and retain educated and skilled women workers. Conducting programmes for women who opt for career breaks. Providing facilities such as crà ¨ches, flexible working hours, etc. Global Workforce Developing diversity training programmes. Developing HR initiatives directed to workforce diversity. Identifying and training expatriate managers for overseas assignments. Developing equitable pay plans for individuals working in different  countries. References Briscoe, D, Schuler, R, & Claus, L (2004), International Human Resource Management Policy and Practice for Multinational Enterprises, 2nd Edition, Routledge Brewster, C, Sparrow, P, & Vernon, G, (2007) International Human Resource Management. 2nd Edition, London, UK, Chartered Institute of Personal Development Brewster, C., Mayrhofer, W., & Morley, M. (Eds.), (2000) New Challenges for European Human Resource Management, Basingstoke, England: Macmillan Briscoe, D. R., & Schuler, R. S. (2004). 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